1. _________________ is the philosophical view that all knowledge comes from reason. 2. _________________ is the philosophical view that all knowledge comes from experience. 3. _________________ asserts that there are innate truths and principles one knows before experience. 4. _________________ means before experience. 5. The Three aspects of Cartesian dualism are _______________________________, ________________________________, and ____________________________. 6. _________________ means after experience. 7. _________________ asserts that you obtain knowledge after experience. 8. Kant's Philosophy is _______________. 9. New Organon means _______________________. 10. _________________, __________________, and ________________ are rationalists. 11. _________________, __________________, and ________________ are empiricists. 12. _________________ can never yield more than probable knowledge. 13. Epistemology deals with the problem of ________________________________, and __________________. 14. Metaphysics deals with the problem of _________________________, _________________________, and ____________________________. 15. The Latin word for mind is ___________________. 16. This is called ___________________ when the physical world comes from God, Material substance is the body, and God comes from the mind. 17. Spinoza is a ________________ who asserts that mind and body are one. 18. Mind and body are different __________________ of the same substance for Spinoza. 19. For Spinoza God is _______________. 20. Francis Bacon says _______________ is power. 21. Descartes wrote the ________________________________, and ____________________. 22. Spinoza wrote the _____________________. 23. Leibniz wrote the ______________________, and _____________________. 24. To Leibniz we are all ___________________. 25. We appear to interact with each other but we really don't. Therefore God is making ____________. 26. John Lock asks two primary questions which are ______________________________, and __________________________________. 27. For Lock the mind is a __________________________. 28. For Lock ___________________ writes ideas into the mind. 29. Locks' theory is a ______________ theory of perception. 30. Barkley is a _____________________ who asserts that ideas only exist in the mind. 31. Hume is _____________. 32. Hume is a ____________ of God. 33. Kant tries to restore ____________ to what we know. 34. ____________ means acquiring for knowledge. ____________________ means that things are expressed in universal mathematical forms. 35. Oops! Forgot to make up a question here. 36. Bacon uses the ________________ method. 37. The ______________________ uses instruments and asserts that we cannot rely only upon self knowledge. 38. The ___________________, __________________, __________________, and ____________________ are the four idols. 39. The _________________ idol deals with individual culture. 40. The _________________ idol deals with language. 41. The _________________ idol deals with philosophical theories. 42. Whose philosophy is against the doctrine of final causes? ____________ 43. The _________________ idol deals with human knowledge and perception. 44. Francis Bacon Says Knowledge is _______________. 45. The _______________________ is the cure for the four idols. 46. _____________________ is conclusions of human reason in ordinarily applied matters of nature, generally something rash or premature. 47. ____________________ is reason which is elicited from facts by a just and methodical process. 48. _____________ wrote the Assayer. 49. _____________________ states that the world consists of corpuscles in motion that can be reduced to explain the world. 50. _________________ are not qualitative for Galileo. 51. _________________ are quantitative for Galileo. 52. ___________________ means things are expressed by the senses. 53. The Discourse on Methods was written in ________________. 54. The four steps of Descartes methods are ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 55. Part one of the methods says ____________________ can be known for certain in philosophy. 56. In part three of the Methods Descartes says _____________ is subordinate to epistemology. 57. Ethics is ______________ to knowledge we have. 58. Part three of the methods deals with _________________________ derived from the method 59. Part four of the method deals with the metaphysical issue of the _____________________________, and __________________________. 60. Part five of the method deals with why animals do not have _________________ and therefore lack ____________________. 61. Spinoza's ethics is a radical break from past _____________________________. 62. ______________________ says because we are determined we should be happy because we can accept our position in life. 63. Conactus means ___________________________________________________. 64. Humans have a ___________________ or ________________ and are not machines. 65. In part six of the Methods Descartes comes across as a __________________ and writes of the importance of experimentation. 66. Descartes based his work on the French skeptic __________________________. 67. In medication one everything is brought into ______________________. 68. All things are doubtful translates into ___________________________________ in Latin. 69. Descartes comes up with the ___________________ hypothesis and the ______________ hypothesis for doubting everything. 70. Descartes says we can doubt _____________ and _______________. 71. Blank means ____________________ I am I exist in Latin. 72. If I am doubting something then _____________ must exist. 73. Descartes says I am a ________________ thing. 74. The three parts of the hierarchy of abstraction are _______________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 75. Descartes uses the example of a ____________________ in conjunction with the hierarchy of abstraction. 76. For Descartes things have __________ reality in the mind. 77. Attributes are dependant on their _____________ for existence according to Descartes. 78. The _________________________ states that there must be at least as much reality in the cause as in the effect. 79. Descartes says that something cannot be proven from _________________. 80. Descartes axiom states a ________________________________ does not need to be proven. 81. In meditation six Descartes discusses the distinction between ____________________, and _____________________________, and _____________________, and __________________________. 82. The mind is ________________, _____________________, and exists without the ______________. 83. The body is ________________, and _____________________. 84. All attribute perceived or imagined belong to ____________________________. 85. The ideas of corporal things come from _______________, ________________, _______________, and _______________. 86. In meditation six Descartes proves that __________________ objects exist. 87. In meditation six Descartes discusses the relationship between the ______________ and the ________________. 88. For Descartes only what is ______________ and ______________ perceived is wholly true. 89. Error is understood as a _____________________ for Descartes. 90. The ___________ extends further than the _______________ and is the cause or errors according to Descartes. 91. Descartes says don't extend the ______________ to what you do not know. 92. The mind directed inwards upon itself is referred to as ____________________. 93. ________________ is when the mind is directed outwards to some body. 94. Reasonable knowledge is ______________ and _________________ and is stronger than sensual knowledge. 95. The Ethics tries to deal with the philosophical problems raised by ____________. 96. Spinoza argued that _______________ had failed to understand the "first cause and origin of all things," "true nature of human mind," and the "true cause of error." 97. All things _____________ are as ____________ as they are rare. 98. Scholium means _________________. 99. Lemma means ________________. 100. For Spinoza, God has two attributes which we can understand. These attributes are _________________, and _______________. 101. Attributes are the __________________ of a substance for Spinoza. 102. God is the only ________________ for Spinoza. 103. Thought and extension are _________________. 104. Spinoza's view of the mind and body is known as ________________________________. 105. For Spinoza if you are actively acting within your necessity the you are ______________. 106. Falsity comes from the _______________________ for Spinoza. 107. Sensual knowledge consists of __________________, and ____________. 108. Sensual knowledge is ____________ knowledge to Spinoza. 109. The only things that are contingent are that which we don't understand the _________ of. 110. God lacks ___________________ because if he had this it would negate his perfection. 111. What happens now is the ___________________________ of God. 112. God is free in that he ____________ himself to do things. 113. If God has a _______________ then he is lacking. 114. Spinoza's theory of _______________ states that everything happens as a result of God's standing nature. 115. The things that are passive come from the ____________ and _________. This is what Spinoza would sum up as an inadequate idea insomuch that it does not understand the essence. 116. The intellect is the ___________ part of the mind and is therefore the part of the mind that is ____________. 117. The intellectual love of God is ______________. 110. The will is not directly the cause of any volition which contrasts ____________ theory. 118. The three types of knowledge for Spinoza are _____________________, __________________, and _____________________. Definitions for Spinoza Part 1 1. By that which is self caused I mean that whose essence involves existence; or whose nature ca be conceived only as existing. 2. A thing is said to be finite in its own kind when it can be limited by another thing of the same nature. For example, a body is said to be finite because we can always conceive of another body greater than it. 3. By substance I mean that which is in itself and is conceived through itself; that is, that the conception of which does not require the conception of another thing from which it has formed. 4. By attribute I mean that which the intellect perceives of substance as continuing its essence. 5. By mode I mean the affections of substance, that is, that which is in something else and is conceived through something else. 6. By God I mean an absolutely infinite being, that is, substance consisting of infinite attributes, each of which is expressed eternal and infinite. 7. That thing is said to be free [liber] which exists solely from the necessity of its own nature, and is determined to action by itself alone. A thing is said to be necessary [nessassarius] or rather, constrained [coactus], if it is determined by another thing to exist and to act in a definite and determinate way. 8. by eternity I mean existence is conceived as an eternal truth, just as the essence of the thing, and therefore cannot be explicated through duration or time, even if duration be conceived as without beginning and end. Definitions for Spinoza Part 2 1. By "body" I understand a mode that expresses in a definite and determinate way God's essence insofar as he is considered as an extended thing. 2. I say there pertains to the essence of a thing that which, when granted, the thing is necessarily posited, and by the annulling of which the thing is necessarily annulled, or that without which the thing can neither be nor be conceived, and, vice versa, that which cannot be or be conceived without the thing. 3. By idea I understand a conception of the mind which the mind forms because it is a thinking thing. 4. By an adequate idea I mean an idea which, insofar as it is considered in itself without relation to its object, has all the properties, that is, intrinsic characteristics, of a true idea. 5. Duration is the indefinite continuance of existing. 6. By reality and perfection I mean the same thing. 7. By individual things [res singulars] I mean things that are finite and have a determinate existence. Axioms for Spinoza part 1 1. All things that are, are either in themselves or in something else. 2. That which cannot be conceived through another thing must be conceived through itself. 3. From a given determinate cause there necessarily follows an effect; on the other hand, if there be no determinate cause, it is impossible than an affect should follow. 4. The knowledge of the effect depends on, and involves, the knowledge of the cause. 5. Things which have nothing in common with each other cannot be understood through each other; that is, the conception of one does not involve the conception of another. 6. A true idea must agree with that of which it is the idea [ideatum]. 7. If a thing can be conceived as not existing, its essence does nto involve existence. Axioms for Spinoza part 2 1. The essence of a man does not involve necessary existence. 2. Man thinks. 3. Modes of thinking such as love, desire, or whatever emotions are designated by name, do not occur unless there is in the same individual the idea of the thing loved, desired, etc. But the idea can be without any other mode of thinking. 4. We feel a certain body to be affected in many ways. 5. We do not feel or perceive any individual things except bodies and modes of thinking. God is self-caused, existing necessarily, infinite, indivisible, extended, immutable, infinitely powerful, without freedom of will, immanent cause. Intellectual love of God is eternal, is when we understand the essence of a thing, perfect, gods knowledge. For Spinoza falsity comes from an inadequate understanding of perception. Reason is deductive, demonstrative. Intuition - "mental seeing" essence and attributes of substance. Hierarchy of knowledge 1. Memory or based on experience 2. Reasons demonstrative proof from Euclid's elements 3. Mental seeing without consciousness. Your mind is God's mind. For Spinoza substance is monism, attributes are dualism, and modes are patheism. Conactus- endeavor, striving, effort, or desire to perfect itself. Wants to understand things according to third state of knowledge. Proposition 5: In the universe there cannot be two or more substances of the same nature or attribute. -Therefore things would be identical and could not be distinguished. We cannot distinguish things by modes. Things are already separated. Modes and affections cannot distinguish substance but attributes can. Proposition 11: God or substance consisting of infinite attributes each of which expresses eternal and infinite essence, necessarily exists. Proposition 14: The can be, or be conceived, no other substance but God. Proposition 25 The idea of any affection of the human body does not involve an adequate knowledge of an external body. Proposition 35 Falsity consists in the privation of knowledge which inadequate ideas, that is, fragmentary and confused ideas, involve. Propositions 25-33 discuss Spinoza's view of determinism. Proposition 7 The order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of things. Proposition 4 The idea of God, from which infinite things follow in infinite ways, must be one, and one only.